16. What is instructional design?
A teaching plan with predetermined objectives, teacher learner roles and class room activities is called is called instructional design.
17. What are the three important components in ELT? Explain
Approaches, Methods and techniques are the three core areas of ELT. The ideas, beliefs and theories of ELT are called approaches to language learning. If you say that conditioning and the relation between stimulus and response leads to learning, it’s behaviorist theory/approach of/to language learning. If you believe that understanding the mental processes will lead to better understanding of processes of learning, that is cognitive approach to language learning. Lexical, notional-functional, communicative, situational, natural and eclective approaches are other approaches to ELT.
The ways of putting theories into practice are called Teaching methods which are sub domains, suitable for a particular approach and have objectives. Teaching methods are four kinds :
A. Structural methods
B. Situational methods
C. Interactive methods
D. Natural Methods
The activities are strategies adopted in the classroom by the teacher are the techniques, third component of ELT arising at the execution level. For example, to think that doing something for healthy body is an essential part of our life is our approach (1) to life. You can do yoga, go for a walking, engaging yourself in sports activities or taking only hygienic food are methods (2) based on your approach to better life. Doing different yoga aasanas are techniques(3), activities arising at the execution level.
18. What is the difference between grammar translation method and audio lingual method of Teaching a language?
The deductive way of learning the target language with constant reference to one’s mother tongue is called Grammar Translation Method. But the method of learning language, based on structuralist psychology with no reference to mother tongue is known as audio lingual method.
Main differences between GTM and ALM are:
A) Constant use of L1 ----- no use of L1
B)Only reading and writing skill involved ------ main focus on speaking and listening
C)Translation, vocabulary building, reading literature -------- dialogue , rote memorization, repetition and drilling of patterns
19. What is situational method of language teaching?
The method of learning language by teaching structures in situations, not as isolated one is called situational language teaching. This is the method of applied linguistics in contrary to structuralist linguistics. If you say “black board “ that is structuralistic approach but if you say “look at the black board” that is situational approach . Here also only target language is used but no drilling of patterns is done.
20 . What are the interactive language teaching methods?
A) Direct method: Teach the language directly in the target language , don’t teach about the language . Make them think in the target language. Don’t give grammar rules, just make them directly communicate by asking and answering questions .
B)Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) : Interaction (communication )is both the means and goal of learning language. No textbook is prescribed but work sheet, tasks, hands out are used to create opportunities for learning through interaction with others. Presentation , Practice and Production are its components. (activities : Role play, Pair work, interview, group activity, information gap and scavenger hunt)
C)Language Immersion : Using both L1 and L2 in learning language and other subjects is known as language immersion bases on bilingualism. .
D)The Silent Way : (by Caleb Gattengo) Teacher should be silent and the students should talk more. Teaching should be subordinate to learning. Teacher should be a helper, not be a hindrance in the process of language learning. Trial and error, constant assessment, deliberate experimenting and no formal test are salient features of this method.
E)Suggestopedia : (by Georgi Lozanov ) Enjoyable and musical environment should be created by the teacher to make the student comfortable for language learning. It has four stages:
Deciphering : foreign language on the left side and translation on the right side are given for better understanding.
Active and Passive concert session : Grammar and text are taught inductively through songs and games. Students listen to music and repeat.
Elaboration : content is elaborated through tasks in chorus. Students finish off with songs and games at last and produce their content without feeling they have learnt.
Thus production happens automatically.
F)Total Physical Response – (by James Asher) Learn by doing. It’s based on how a child learns her L1 in a stress-free manner. Use the right hemisphere of the brain. This method suitable for young language learner, not for adult or aged learner. Having all directions from teacher, teacher centred it is.
G)TPR Storytelling – (developed by Blaine Ray) Teaching proficiency through reading and storytelling involves three steps.
Step1: write three new structures on the board, translate and repeat to internalize.
Step 2 (spoken class story) : Tell personalised stories with these structures with short grammar explanations( pop up grammar)
Step 3: Ask students read stories in the class and at home and discuss. (The selected three structures should be repeated at least 100times for internalising )
22.What’s the Natural Approach in ELT?
It’s a teaching method developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell based on the natural way a child learns a language. No textbook, no error correction and conscious grammar emphasis is done. Teacher uses only L2 but the learner, both.
Stage 1: (comprehension) Make the learner understand the vocabulary in TL.
Stage 2:( Early speech.) Let them speak small words and phrases and answer shortly, yes or no.
stage 3: (speech emergence)Role play, dialogue, presentation and problem solving exercises are given once the language emerges from them. The teacher has to be patient till the language emerges naturally from the student.
